Organic compounds found in plumes ejected by Saturn’s moon Enceladus

Data from the Cassini mission has revealed organic compounds in plumes ejected from Enceladus similar to those involved in the development of life on Earth.

An illustration showing the Cassini spacecraft diving through plumes on Saturn's moon Enceladus. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech

Organic compounds have been discovered in plumes bursting through the surface crust of Saturn’s icy moon Enceladus. The discovery is the latest boost in the search for conditions that could support life beyond Earth.

Enceladus is known to have a liquid water ocean hidden below its frozen crust, and hydrothermal vents regularly eject liquid water, ice and material from the moon’s core out into space.

The newly-discovered molecules have been identified as nitrogen and oxygen-bearing compounds.

Similar compounds are involved in chemical reactions on Earth that produce amino acids: the building blocks of life.

The discovery was made using data from NASA’s Cassini mission, which ended in 2017.

The Cassini spacecraft spent 13 years orbiting Saturn, studying the planet and its moons, and one of its most daring manoeuvres was a series of dives through the plumes on Enceladus.

Data collected by Cassini throughout the mission will continue to be analysed by scientists for years to come.

A diagram showing the process by which material is ejected from below the surface of Saturn's moon Enceladus. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
A diagram showing the process by which material is ejected from below the surface of Saturn’s moon Enceladus. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech

“If the conditions are right, these molecules coming from the deep ocean of Enceladus could be on the same reaction pathway as we see here on Earth,” says Nozair Khawaja, who led the team behind the research, based at the Free University of Berlin.

15th October 1997. Launch of Titan IVB/Centaur carrying the Cassini orbiter to Saturn. Taken from Hangar AF on Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. (Credit: NASA)

“We don’t yet know if amino acids are needed for life beyond Earth, but finding the molecules that form amino acids is an important piece of the puzzle.”

15th September 2006. Saturn sheltering Cassini from the blinding glare of the Sun, brightening microscopic particles and revealing previously unknown faint rings. (Credit: NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute)

The team analysed data from Cassini’s Cosmic Dust Analyzer (CDA), which detected ice grains in plumes emitted from the moon.

21st November 2009. A view of Enceladus’s south pole. The amazing fissures along the moon's linear depressions, known as its 'tiger stripes', emit icy particles, water vapour and organic compounds from the moon's surface. (Credit: NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute)

Mass spectrometer measurements were then used to analyse the organic material in the sample and define its composition.

19th July 2013. Rare image of Earth from over 1.4 billion kilometers away, showing us as a tiny spec of dot in the vast openness of space. (Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Space Science Institute)

The organics had originally dissolved in the ocean below Enceladus’s surface before evaporating, condensing and freezing onto ice grains within fractures in the moon’s crust.

8th March 2014. Spectacular view of Saturn’s rings with Pandora. The gravitational pull from the moon helps confine the outer F ring and keep it from spreading. (Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Space Science Institute)

A rising plume then blew the ice grains into space, where they were analysed by the CDA.

21st August 2014. Near-infrared colour mosaic of Titan’s north pole showing the sunlight reflecting off its seas. (Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Univ. Arizona/Univ. Idaho)

“Here we are finding smaller and soluble organic building blocks,” says study co-author Jon Hillier, “potential precursors for amino acids and other ingredients required for life on Earth.”

25th May 2015. Enceladus appears to sit on top of Saturn’s rings, with the vastness of the planet behind it. (Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Space Science Institute)

Datele din misiunea Cassini au scos la iveală compuși organici în jeturile ejectate din Enceladus similare cu cele implicate în dezvoltarea vieții pe Pământ.

14th October 2015. Zoomed-in view of Enceladus’ north pole, showing the extent of a global system of fractures on the moon's surface. (Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Space Science Institute)

Foto: O ilustrație care arată nava spațială Cassini care se scufundă printre jeturi pe luna lui Saturn Enceladus. Credit: NASA / JPL-Caltech

An illustration showing the Cassini spacecraft diving through plumes on Saturn's moon Enceladus. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech

Compușii organici au fost descoperiți în jeturile care au izbucnit prin crusta de suprafață a lunii glaciare Enceladus a lui Saturn. Descoperirea este cel mai recent impuls în căutarea condițiilor care ar putea susține viața dincolo de Pământ.

6th December 2015. One of Saturn’s many small moons, Epimetheus has had its surface heavily pitted as a result of eons of bombardment. (Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Space Science Institute)

Se știe că Enceladus are un ocean cu apă lichidă ascunsă sub scoarța înghețată, iar găurile de evacuare hidrotermale evacuează regulat apa lichidă, gheața și materialul din miezul lunii în spațiu.

Cassini takes a last look at Saturn's moon Titan on 21 April, before manoeuvring to begin its series of ring dives on 26 April.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Space Science Institute

Moleculele recent descoperite au fost identificate ca fiind compuși de azot și oxigen.

Compuși similari sunt implicați în reacțiile chimice de pe Pământ care produc aminoacizi: blocurile de viață.

25th May 2015. Enceladus appears to sit on top of Saturn’s rings, with the vastness of the planet behind it. (Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Space Science Institute)

Descoperirea a fost făcută folosind date din NASA’s Cassini mission, încheiată în 2017.

Nava spațială Cassini a petrecut 13 ani orbitând pe Saturn, studiind planeta și lunile sale, iar una dintre cele mai îndrăznețe manevre ale sale a fost  a series of dives through the plumes on Enceladus.

23rd November 2015. Saturn’s moon Tethys floating in the foreground of its parent planet. The moon is composed mainly of water ice, much like the rings of Saturn. (Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Space Science Institute)

Datele colectate de Cassini pe tot parcursul misiunii vor continua să fie analizate de oamenii de știință și în anii următori.

Foto: O diagramă care arată procesul prin care materialul este evacuat de sub suprafața lunii Saturn Enceladus. Credit: NASA / JPL-Caltech

„Dacă condițiile sunt corecte, aceste molecule care provin din oceanul profund al Enceladului ar putea să fi urmat aceleași reacții chimice cu cele pe care le obținem aici pe Pământ”, spune Nozair Khawaja, care a condus echipa din spatele cercetării, cu sediul la Free University of Berlin .

„Încă nu știm dacă aminoacizii sunt necesari pentru viață dincolo de Pământ, dar găsirea moleculelor care formează aminoacizi este o componentă importantă a puzzle-ului.”

Echipa a analizat datele de la analizorul de praf cosmic Cassini (CDA), care a detectat boabe de gheață în jeturile emise de pe lună.

S-au utilizat apoi măsurători cu spectrometrul de masă pentru a analiza materialul organic din eșantion și pentru a defini compoziția acestuia.

Produsele organice s-au dizolvat inițial în ocean, sub suprafața lui Enceladus, înainte de a se evapora, condensa și îngheța pe grăunțele de gheață în crăpături ale scoarței lunare.

Un jet de materie a aruncat apoi grăunții de gheață în spațiu, unde au fost analizate de CDA.

„Aici găsim blocuri de construcții organice mai mici și solubile”, spune co-autorul studiului Jon Hillier, „potențiali precursori pentru aminoacizi și alte ingrediente necesare vieții pe Pământ”.

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